micromolecule

Part 1: Multiple Choice (Pick the best answer)

1. What is the monomer unit of DNA?

• A) Amino acid

• B) Nucleotide

• C) Sugar

• D) Proteinr Question 1 What is the purpose of transcription?Your answer: B) Copy DNA to make an RNA molecule✔️ That is right!Transcription is the process where a section of DNA is copied into RNA (specifically mRNA) so that it can later be used to build a protein.

2. Which enzyme unzips the DNA strands during replication?

   • A) Ligase

   • B) Primase

   • C) Helicase

   • D) RNA polymerase

3. What does "antiparallel" mean in DNA?

   • A) DNA strands are identical

   • B) DNA strands are parallel but run in opposite directions

   • C) DNA strands are made of proteins

   • D) DNA strands are broken

4. What bond links amino acids together in a protein?

   • A) Hydrogen bond

   • B) Ionic bond

   • C) Peptide bond

   • D) Glycosidic bond

5. A frameshift mutation usually causes:

   • A) No change

   • B) A single amino acid change

   • C) A shift in the entire reading frame

   • D) A silent mutation

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Part 2: Short Answer

1. What is the central dogma of biology?

2. What are Okazaki fragments?

3. How does DNA replication differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

4. What is proofreading during DNA replication, and why is it important?

5. What are the 3 types of RNA, and what does each do?

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🎴 Flashcards

Front: Genetics
Back: The study of how traits are passed down.

Front: Genome
Back: All genetic material in an organism.

Front: Gene
Back: A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

Front: Antiparallel
Back: DNA strands run in opposite directions (5′→3′ and 3′→5′).

Front: DNA Polymerase
Back: Enzyme that builds the new DNA strand.

Front: Helicase
Back: Unzips the DNA strand during replication.

Front: Ligase
Back: Connects (seals) DNA fragments.

Front: Mutation
Back: A change in the DNA sequence.

Front: Transcription
Back: Making RNA from DNA.

Front: Translation
Back: Making protein from mRNA.

Front: Codon
Back: 3 nucleotides on mRNA that code for one amino acid.

Front: tRNA
Back: Brings amino acids to the ribosome.

Front: rRNA
Back: Part of the ribosome; helps make proteins.

Front: mRNA
Back: Carries the genetic message from DNA to ribosome.

Front: Point Mutation
Back: A change in a single base.

Front: Frameshift Mutation
Back: An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.

 What is the central dogma of biology? Are there any exceptions?

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The Central Dogma of Biology is:

DNA → RNA → Protein

• DNA is transcribed into RNA.

• RNA is translated into Protein.

• Proteins do the work inside the cell.

In short:
DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes proteins.

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Are there exceptions?
Yes! Some exceptions include:

• Reverse transcription:

  • Some viruses (like HIV) can make DNA from RNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

  • So it goes: RNA → DNA → RNA → Protein.

• RNA viruses:

  • Some viruses (like coronavirus) skip DNA and copy RNA directly to make more RNA and proteins.

• Non-coding RNA:

  • Some RNA (like tRNA and rRNA) doesn't make proteins but still has important jobs.

Category	Monomer	Polymer	Bond Type	Additional Notes
Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides	Polysaccharides	Glycosidic linkage (covalent)
Nucleic Acids	Nucleotides	RNA / DNA	Phosphodiester bond (not shown but implied)
Proteins	Amino acids (peptides)	Polypeptides / Proteins	Peptide bonds (covalent)	Proteins also need: - Hydrogen bonds - Ionic bonds - Disulfide linkages - Hydrophobic interactions for proper folding